Nam Wan Tunnel (traditional Chinese: 南灣隧道; simplified Chinese: 南湾隧道; pinyin: Nánwān Suìdào; Cantonese Yale: naam4 waan1 seui6 dou6) is a tunnel currently under construction in Hong Kong. The road tunnel, which will form an important part of the HK$15bn Route 8, linking Tsing Yi and Sha Tin in the city, has been under construction since 2003 and is due to be completed by 2007.
The twin-tube tunnel, being built by the Hong Kong Highways Department, will be 1.2km long and have three lanes in either direction in the southern part of Tsing Yi from Sai Tso Wan to Nam Wan Kok. It will provide linkage between the eastern part of the New Territories and Chek Lap Kok International Airport.
On completion, the tunnel will be toll-free. The twin tunnels are 15m wide with 12 cross passages emergency walkways, and a portal building at each end and will be formed by blasting in granite and volcanic rocks.
Nearly all of the 550,000m³ of tunnel spoil will be reused in the Penny's Bay reclamation project or processed into aggregates at a local quarry. Spoil will be taken away by a fleet of trucks, one leaving the site every 100 seconds during the working day from 8am to 7pm.
Environmental measures
Environmental measures taken to minimise noise and nuisance to road users and the public include: a 7.5m-tall noise barrier, and continuous monitoring to ensure noise and vibration limits are not exceeded during tunnel blasting; blast doors for any blasting conducted near roads; and 40 water sprinklers and washing facilities at all exits for vehicles to use before leaving the construction site.
Structure
The tunnel cross section will be in the form of an arch. The approximate height and width of the arch is 11.2m and 15.3m respectively. The geology comprises coarse volcanic ash tuff on the west side and medium grained granite on the eastern side. Both of these lithologies are intruded by Rhyolite dykes together with some porphyrytic granite and occasional basalt dykes.
The two tubes are being constructed using the drill / blast method. Temporary support for the tunnels will be provided by rock-bolts. Permanent support will be provided by a concrete lining of varying thickness depending upon the stability of the ground.
Three main types of support will be used: 400mm un-reinforced, 500mm un-reinforced, and 600mm reinforced.
Contractors
Ove Arup and Partners Hong Kong Ltd were the designers of the tunnel and Gammon Skanska and Skanska International Civil Engineering joint venture are the main construction contractors (contract was awarded in January 2003). The contract also covers construction of tunnel control buildings and the 1.4km dual three-lane West Tsing Yi Viaduct.
The cost for the tunnel has been estimated at HK$470m (civil works) and HK$83 million (electrical and mechanical systems). Fläkt Woods is providing the ventilation system for the tunnel.
COWI has provided specialist assistance to Ove Arup and Partners with the design of electrical and mechanical systems for the Nam Wan Tunnel and two adjoining viaducts.
Ventilation
Fläkt Woods is providing the ventilation solutions by supplying three immense fans for the tunnel. The axial flow fans measure 2.65m in diameter, are powered by 900kW motors and run at pressures of 3,800Pa.
Fläkt Woods will run one of the fans continuously to self destruct, to prove their capability of withstanding temperatures of up to 400°C for one hour. The fans incorporate guide vanes for flow straightening to achieve maximum performance and will run at 993rpm.
Electrical and Mechanical Systems
In the preliminary design phase of the tunnel COWI established an overall concept for the electrical and mechanical systems with emphasis on safety-related functions such as electric power supply, tunnel lighting, fire fighting, tunnel ventilation and smoke extraction. This overall concept was used as a basis for the detailed design.
Later in the project COWI reviewed the client's detailed design of electrical and mechanical systems.
The electrical and mechanical systems will include the following: high- and low-voltage distribution (11kV/0.4kV); reliable power supply based on UPS and diesel generators; tunnel lighting and road lighting; lighting in portal buildings, technical rooms and cross passages between tunnels; Central Monitoring and Control System (CMCS); fire detection system; public mobile communication system; fire fighting equipment, including fire water booster pumps, hydrants and portable extinguishers; tunnel ventilation for normal operation, congested operation and emergency situations (smoke control); smoke extraction system; pressurised air supply; HVAC and plumbing in portal buildings.
2009年1月20日星期二
Weiskirchen transmitter
Weiskirchen transmitter, which is property of the Hessian broadcasting company (German: Hessischer Rundfunk) is a mediumwave broadcasting facility, situated in the northwest area of the hessian village Weiskirchen, which is a part of Rodgau , close of the motorway A 3.
Frequency and transmission diagrams
The quarter Weiskirchen of Rodgau is since 1967 location of a medium-wave transmitter of the hessian broadcasting company for the frequency 594 kHz. Until the conversion of mediumwave transmission frequencies to by nine divisible kilohertz values according to the wave plan of Geneva wave in 1978, its transmission frequency was 593 kHz. Until 1994 the transmitting power was 400 kW. In 1994, it was reduced to 300 kW. Weiskirchen transmitter has a directional antenna, which consists of two 126.5 metre tall guyed lattice steel mast radiators ( coordinates: 50°3′19.7″N 8°51′44.9″E / 50.055472, 8.862472 and 50°3′22.8″N 8°51′57.1″E / 50.056333, 8.865861) insulated against ground. In opposite to other guyed masts used for medium wave transmission, its guys are not partitioned with insulators. Instead they are grounded over coils situated directly close to the anchor block, which are so tuned, that hig frequency currents in the guys are as low as possible. One avoids by this guy construction expansive maintenance work at surge arresters at insulators partioning the guys. Weiskirchen transmitter forms together with Hoher Meissner transmitter a single frequency network. The directive pattern of the transmitter has a maximum toward northwest and two minima poining toward northeast and southeast. By regulation of the feeding power for each mast, the directivity pattern can be changed, in cooperation with Hoher Meissner transmitter the maximum even to the east.
Operation
The program is transmitted by cable from the studio in Frankfurt to Weiskirchen transmitter. The transmitter uses two water-cooled final stages, which are switched in parallel, in order to avoid a complete transmitter failure in case of a failure of a single tube. The power supply takes place under normal conditions from the local electricity 20kV grid. For the case of power failure there is a Diesel generatorr, which starts in a period of 10 to 20 seconds. The current for starting the generator is supplied by a small accumulator unit, which is connected automatically at power failure. If the Diesel generator is used as power source, transmission power is reduced to 100 kW.
Program Supply
First the transmitter combination Weiskirchen and Hoher Meissner supplied without frequency shift mobile receivers as car radios with the first program of the Hessian Broadcasting Company. Until the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 this program was predominantly radiated due to the large range of mediumwaves in the night hours by change of the directivity patterns of both transmitters towards east. Today the broadcasted program is mainly the news program HR info. Between 19-22 o'clock programmes for foreign workers are transmitted. It is also used for the transmission of debates of the Bundestag and the Hessian federal state parliament or for other special life reports as live reports from soccer matches. As it is planned to cease analogue broadcasting in Europe until 2018, Weiskirchen transmitter will be in future also digitalized by using DRM transmissions.
Small extension node
Prior to the advent of the satellite based Joint Network Node (JNN), the United States Army used a system known as Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) in order to provide tactical battlefield communications. MSE is a Line-Of-Site (LOS) terrestrial based communications system limited by terrain and distance. MSE is still in use in limited quantities.
The small extension node (SEN) is part of a US military communication system known as mobile subscriber equipment (MSE). A SEN is composed of two shelters, a switching shelter and a Line of sight radio terminal shelter(LOS)
A SEN switching shelter contains switching, multiplexing, and communications security (COMSEC) equipment for secure digital voice and data communications. A single switching shelter is mounted on the back of a HMMWV, powered is provided by a 10kW diesel generator, and the SEN is operated by up to a six soldier team. To provide communications for a Corps area the Signal Battalion would deploy forty SEN's, amongst Node Centers, Large Extension Nodes, and Radio Access Units.
The current switch is designated AN/TTC-48, with a suffix to identify each of the ten versions in operation - (V)1, V(2), A(V)1, A(V)2, B(V)1, B(V)2, C(V)1, C(V)2, C(V)3, and C(V)4. The (V)1 provides 26 digital lines and 10-digital trunks and the (V)2 provides 41 digital lines and 13-digital trunks. Both versions interface at various levels with the MSE Area Communication Systems through cable, via line of sight or via tactical satellite terminal.
Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing context | Wikipedia introduction cleanup
The small extension node (SEN) is part of a US military communication system known as mobile subscriber equipment (MSE). A SEN is composed of two shelters, a switching shelter and a Line of sight radio terminal shelter(LOS)
A SEN switching shelter contains switching, multiplexing, and communications security (COMSEC) equipment for secure digital voice and data communications. A single switching shelter is mounted on the back of a HMMWV, powered is provided by a 10kW diesel generator, and the SEN is operated by up to a six soldier team. To provide communications for a Corps area the Signal Battalion would deploy forty SEN's, amongst Node Centers, Large Extension Nodes, and Radio Access Units.
The current switch is designated AN/TTC-48, with a suffix to identify each of the ten versions in operation - (V)1, V(2), A(V)1, A(V)2, B(V)1, B(V)2, C(V)1, C(V)2, C(V)3, and C(V)4. The (V)1 provides 26 digital lines and 10-digital trunks and the (V)2 provides 41 digital lines and 13-digital trunks. Both versions interface at various levels with the MSE Area Communication Systems through cable, via line of sight or via tactical satellite terminal.
Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing context | Wikipedia introduction cleanup
Hawes Radio Tower
Hawes Radio Tower (also known as the Hawes Radio Relay Facility) was a 373.7 metres ( 1226 ft ) tall guyed mast used by the USAF Survivable Low Frequency Communications System Site, which was built on the former Hawes Airfield at Hinkley, California, USA at 34°55′1″N 117°22′36″W / 34.91694, -117.37667. Hawes Radio Tower was a mast radiator insulated against ground, which provided VLF communication to ground and mobile nuclear missile facilities during the Cold War. It transmitted at a maximum power of 100 kW. The facility was partially built into the ground and was designed to withstand a moderate nuclear blast from a distance of 10 miles. The facility was self-sustaining and employed a sophisticated ventilation system as well as backup diesel generators.
In the mid-1980s, the site was given up, and in 1986, the mast was demolished by explosives. The two-story bunker, left abandoned, became a popular hang-out site for local teenagers. Unfortunately, it also became a center for wild and sometimes violent parties. The interior was blackened from numerous bonfires and riddled with graffiti. In addition, holes and debris created by the radio tower demolition, as well as standing water in the basement after rains, made navigating the dark interior of the bunker extremely dangerous.
The bunker was demolished by the BLM and USAF in April-May 2008 after two local teenagers, Christopher Cody Thompson of Apple Valley and Bodhisattva “Bodhi” Sherzer-Potter of Helendale, were found murdered in the bunker on January 5 after a botched robbery attempt. The prime suspects, David Brian Smith and Collin Lee McGlaughlin of the Covina area, are being tried for the murders.
In the mid-1980s, the site was given up, and in 1986, the mast was demolished by explosives. The two-story bunker, left abandoned, became a popular hang-out site for local teenagers. Unfortunately, it also became a center for wild and sometimes violent parties. The interior was blackened from numerous bonfires and riddled with graffiti. In addition, holes and debris created by the radio tower demolition, as well as standing water in the basement after rains, made navigating the dark interior of the bunker extremely dangerous.
The bunker was demolished by the BLM and USAF in April-May 2008 after two local teenagers, Christopher Cody Thompson of Apple Valley and Bodhisattva “Bodhi” Sherzer-Potter of Helendale, were found murdered in the bunker on January 5 after a botched robbery attempt. The prime suspects, David Brian Smith and Collin Lee McGlaughlin of the Covina area, are being tried for the murders.
Project Manager Mobile Electric Power
Project Manager (PM) Mobile Electric Power (MEP) supplies ruggedized power generators for all the Department of Defense (DoD) services and environmental control units for the Army. Their generators range in size from 2 kilowatts (kW) to 840 kW and their environmental control units range in size from 9k BTUH to 60k BTUH. Their products are categorized in Small, Medium and Large product lines and are used extensively throughout the military.
Product Manager Small Power Sources
The Small Generator sets provide utility power for a myriad of applications throughout the Department of Defense. Project Manager, Mobile Electric Power provides modernized, diesel fueled, lightweight, portable, reliable, rugged generator sets for use in the most demanding military applications and extreme environmental conditions.
As a subset of Department of Defense Project Manager Mobile Electric Power is to provide environmental control capability to the Army, Product Manager Small Power Sources is assisting in conducting centralized cooling studies to better enable Program Executive Office, Command, Control and Communications Tactical's (PEO C3T’s) digitized command posts to meet mission requirements.
Product Manager Medium Power Sources
Product Manager, Medium Power Sources provides standardized, diesel fueled, lightweight, portable, reliable, rugged generator sets for use in the most demanding military applications and extreme environmental conditions. The Tactical Quiet Generators provide power for a myriad of applications throughout the Department of Defense and provide power for 82% of all Army tactical power needs.
Command posts are the nerve center of operating forces, and as digital technology has advanced, they increasingly must have continuous, reliable, quality power for communication with higher and subordinate units, computer operations, and other purposes. Command Posts operating in the field rely on The Medium Power Sources Team’s Tactical Quiet Generators, and Power Units and Power Plants as an integral part of their equipment. Without tactical electric power, the digitized battlefield would cease to exist.
Product Manager Large Power Sources
Army standard Tactical Quiet Generators, Deployable Power Generation & Distribution Systems and Power Distribution Illumination Systems Electrical produced by the Product Manager - Large Power Sources supply high quality electric power and distribution to meet tactical demands within the Department of Defense.
Product Manager Small Power Sources
The Small Generator sets provide utility power for a myriad of applications throughout the Department of Defense. Project Manager, Mobile Electric Power provides modernized, diesel fueled, lightweight, portable, reliable, rugged generator sets for use in the most demanding military applications and extreme environmental conditions.
As a subset of Department of Defense Project Manager Mobile Electric Power is to provide environmental control capability to the Army, Product Manager Small Power Sources is assisting in conducting centralized cooling studies to better enable Program Executive Office, Command, Control and Communications Tactical's (PEO C3T’s) digitized command posts to meet mission requirements.
Product Manager Medium Power Sources
Product Manager, Medium Power Sources provides standardized, diesel fueled, lightweight, portable, reliable, rugged generator sets for use in the most demanding military applications and extreme environmental conditions. The Tactical Quiet Generators provide power for a myriad of applications throughout the Department of Defense and provide power for 82% of all Army tactical power needs.
Command posts are the nerve center of operating forces, and as digital technology has advanced, they increasingly must have continuous, reliable, quality power for communication with higher and subordinate units, computer operations, and other purposes. Command Posts operating in the field rely on The Medium Power Sources Team’s Tactical Quiet Generators, and Power Units and Power Plants as an integral part of their equipment. Without tactical electric power, the digitized battlefield would cease to exist.
Product Manager Large Power Sources
Army standard Tactical Quiet Generators, Deployable Power Generation & Distribution Systems and Power Distribution Illumination Systems Electrical produced by the Product Manager - Large Power Sources supply high quality electric power and distribution to meet tactical demands within the Department of Defense.
Melbourne Stream Traction Engine Club
The protection, preservation, conservation and restoration of industrial heritage and related machinery is often overlooked in social histories. As the importance of the industrial heritage of Victoria and Australia has become more prominent, the Melbourne Steam Traction Engine Club (MSTEC) was established by volunteers to enable like-minded volunteers to preserve this part of our history. The Melbourne Steam Traction Engine Club was established in Melbourne over 45 years ago and is located at 1200 Ferntree Gully Rd Scoresby, Victoria, Australia. On site there is an extensive collection of Mobile Steam, Stationary Steam Engines, Stationary IC Engines, Diesel engines, Diesel Generator sets, Tractors and other mobile machinery.
History
Formed in 1963 the MSTEC has been at it's present 6½ hectare site in Scoresby, Victoria since 1986 when the land was leased from the MMBW. The site was originally a depot used for the tunnelling of the main trunk sewer and was a desolate waste land when the club took it over. Since occupation, the site as been developed with landscaping, tree planting, installation of the rail track, construction of the 9 sheds and toilet block and a man made lake.[2]
National Steam Centre Display
The engines on display at the National Steam Centre represent many years of collection and restoration efforts by the members. In addition to the engines owned by the club, a number of members' privately owned engines are kept at the centre. A particular effort has gone into ensure Australian steam and industrial heritage is persevered for Australians, rather than shipping engines out of the country.
Run Days
Many of the engines on display are operated on the last Sunday of each month. This unique opportunity allows visitors to see many of the steam and diesel stationary engines running, including several steam Traction engines, steam rollers and tractors operating in the central arena. Rides aboard the miniature steam railway are a highlight!
Annual Rally
The club's annual rally, known as the Scoresby Steamfest is held on the long week end in March each year when many of the beautifully restored MSTEC engines are operated. Exhibits from many other associated clubs and historic engine associations are also displayed and operated.
[edit] Railway
The miniature railway operates every Sunday, weather permitting, from 11am to 4pm, excepting for Christmas - New Year. The track runs for about 1km around the perimeter of the site. On the trip you pass the lake complete with numerous ducks and other water birds, you see the cattle grazing on the nearby farmland and you view some of the museum machinery around the track.
The line is only set up to run a single train at any one time. On the last Sunday of the month the train is pulled by a 4-4-2 steam locomotive. On other Sundays the diesel outline engine is used.
The grounds have shady trees, picnic tables and wood fired BBQ's for a picnic outing. There is no charge for admission to the grounds except for some special events like the annual rally.
History
Formed in 1963 the MSTEC has been at it's present 6½ hectare site in Scoresby, Victoria since 1986 when the land was leased from the MMBW. The site was originally a depot used for the tunnelling of the main trunk sewer and was a desolate waste land when the club took it over. Since occupation, the site as been developed with landscaping, tree planting, installation of the rail track, construction of the 9 sheds and toilet block and a man made lake.[2]
National Steam Centre Display
The engines on display at the National Steam Centre represent many years of collection and restoration efforts by the members. In addition to the engines owned by the club, a number of members' privately owned engines are kept at the centre. A particular effort has gone into ensure Australian steam and industrial heritage is persevered for Australians, rather than shipping engines out of the country.
Run Days
Many of the engines on display are operated on the last Sunday of each month. This unique opportunity allows visitors to see many of the steam and diesel stationary engines running, including several steam Traction engines, steam rollers and tractors operating in the central arena. Rides aboard the miniature steam railway are a highlight!
Annual Rally
The club's annual rally, known as the Scoresby Steamfest is held on the long week end in March each year when many of the beautifully restored MSTEC engines are operated. Exhibits from many other associated clubs and historic engine associations are also displayed and operated.
[edit] Railway
The miniature railway operates every Sunday, weather permitting, from 11am to 4pm, excepting for Christmas - New Year. The track runs for about 1km around the perimeter of the site. On the trip you pass the lake complete with numerous ducks and other water birds, you see the cattle grazing on the nearby farmland and you view some of the museum machinery around the track.
The line is only set up to run a single train at any one time. On the last Sunday of the month the train is pulled by a 4-4-2 steam locomotive. On other Sundays the diesel outline engine is used.
The grounds have shady trees, picnic tables and wood fired BBQ's for a picnic outing. There is no charge for admission to the grounds except for some special events like the annual rally.
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